Group 14 Central Atoms and Halogen Bonding in Different Dielectric Environments: How Germanium Outperforms Silicon.

The nature of halogen bonding under different dielectric conditions remains underexplored, especially for inorganic systems. The structural and energetic properties of model halogen bonded complexes (R3 M-I-NH3 for R=H and F, and M=C, Si, and Ge) are examined computationally for relative permittivities between 1 and 109 using an implicit solvent model. We confirm and assess the exceptionally high maximum potentials at the sigma hole on I (Vs,max ) in F3 Ge-I relative to cases where M=C or Si. In particular, Ge far outperforms Si in mediating inductive effects. Linear relationships, typically with R2 >0.97, are identified between Vs,max , the full point charge on I in R3 M-I, and the interaction energy, and optimized I-N distance in the complexes. An anomalous trend is identified in which, for each M, F3 M-I-NH3 becomes less stable as the optimized I-N distance gets shorter in different dielectric environments; it is explained using the F-I-NH3 complex as a reference.

Identification of chromosomal locations associated with tail biting and being a victim of tail-biting behaviour in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).

The objective of this study was to identify loci associated with tail biting or being a victim of tail biting in Norwegian crossbred pigs using a genome-wide association study with PLINK case-control analysis. DNA was extracted from hair or blood samples collected from 98 trios of crossbred pigs located across Norway. Each trio came from the same pen and consisted of one pig observed to initiate tail biting, one pig which was the victim of tail biting and a control pig which was not involved in either behaviour. DNA was genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay. After quality assurance filtering, 53,952 SNPs remained comprising 74 animals (37 pairs) for the tail biter versus control comparison and 53,419 SNPs remained comprising 80 animals (40 pairs) for the victim of tail biting versus control comparison. An association with being a tail biter was observed on Sus scrofa chromosome 16 (SSC16; p = 1.6 × 10(-5)) and an unassigned chromosome (p = 3.9 × 10(-5)). An association with being the victim of tail biting was observed on Sus scrofa chromosomes 1 (SSC1; p = 4.7 × 10(-5)), 9 (SSC9; p = 3.9 × 10(-5)), 18 (SSC18; p = 7 × 10(-5) for 9,602,511 bp, p = 3.4 × 10(-5) for 9,653,881 bp and p = 5.3 × 10(-5) for 29,577,783 bp) and an unassigned chromosome (p = 6.1 × 10(-5)). An r(2) = 0.96 and a D' = 1 between the two SNPs at 9 Mb on SSC18 indicated extremely high linkage disequilibrium, suggesting that these two markers represent a single locus. These results provide evidence of a moderate genetic association between the propensity to participate in tail-biting behaviour and the likelihood of becoming a victim of this behaviour.

The many faces of depression in primary care / Las muchas caras de la depresión en la atención primaria / As muitas faces da depressão na atenção primária

Depression is a serious global health problem. It creates a huge economic burden on society and on families and has serious and pervasive health impacts on the individual and their families. Specialized psychiatric services are often scarce and thus the bulk of care delivery for depression has fallen to primary care providers, including advanced practice nurses and experienced nurses who work in under-serviced regions. These health professionals require advanced knowledge about the many faces that depression can display. This article reviews some of the faces of depression seen by primary care providers in their practices. Considering depression as a heterogeneous spectrum disorder requires attention to both the details of the clinical presentation, as well as contextual factors. Recommendations around engagement and potential interventions will also be discussed, in terms of the client population as well as for the practitioner who may be isolated by geography or discipline.

La depresión es un grave problema de salud mundial que crea una enorme carga económica sobre la sociedad y las familias, produciendo un grave y fuerte impacto en la salud del individuo y de sus familias. Los servicios psiquiátricos especializados a menudo son escasos y, por lo tanto, la mayor parte de la atención para la depresión ha quedado bajo la responsabilidad de los prestadores de atención primaria, incluyendo las enfermeras que trabajan en zonas remotas donde existen pocos servicios de salud. Esos profesionales de la salud requieren un conocimiento avanzado sobre las muchas caras que puede presentar la depresión. En el presente artículo se revisan algunos de los rostros de la depresión encontrados por los prestadores de atención primaria en sus prácticas. Teniendo en cuenta que la depresión es un trastorno de espectro heterogéneo, hay necesidad de prestar atención a los detalles de su presentación clínica, así como a los factores contextuales. También son discutidas recomendaciones sobre la participación de los prestadores de atención primaria y las potenciales intervenciones, en términos de la población a ser atendida, así como de los profesionales que pueden ser aislados por la geografía o por la temática.

A depressão é um grave problema de saúde global. Ela cria um enorme fardo econômico na sociedade e nas famílias e têm grave e penetrante impacto na saúde do indivíduo e de suas famílias. Serviços psiquiátricos especializados são muitas vezes escassos e, portanto, a maior parte da prestação de cuidados em depressão ficou sob a responsabilidade dos prestadores de cuidados primários, incluindo enfermeiras que trabalham em regiões isoladas onde há limitado atendimento em saúde. Estes profissionais da saúde requerem conhecimentos avançados sobre as muitas faces que a depressão pode apresentar. Este artigo revisa algumas das faces da depressão encontradas pelos prestadores de cuidados primários em suas práticas. Considerando que a depressão é um transtorno de espectro heterogêneo, há necessidade de atenção tanto para os detalhes de sua apresentação clínica, bem como dos fatores contextuais. Recomendações sobre o engajamento e as potenciais intervenções também são discutidas, em termos da população a ser atendida, bem como para os profissionais que podem estar isolados pela geografia ou pela disciplina.

Prevention of facial fractures from night vision goggle impact.

Facial bone fractures in the military can result from direct loading of night vision goggles on the orbital region. Facial fracture research has shown that increasing the area over which the load is applied increases the load tolerance. The purpose of this study is to apply this concept to reducing the risk of facial bone fracture from night vision goggle impacts. The effectiveness of countermeasures in prevention of orbital fracture was evaluated using a vertical drop tower with two impact velocities of 2.6 m/s and 3.6 m/s. The countermeasure used was a rigid plastic custom face shield made from a plaster impression of each head. In addition to two human cadaver subjects, one male and one female, tests were completed on a Hybrid III 50th percentile dummy head. Three impacts to the dummy headform included no countermeasure, safety glasses, and a custom face shield. These tests yielded peak loads of 8700 N, 7500 N, and 5640 N respectively. Using the female subject, impacts were preformed successively until injury occurred. These two impacts to the subject wearing a custom face shield resulted in peak loads of 4025 N and 5158 N. The highest load corresponds to an impact velocity of 3.6 m/s and a nasal bone fracture. Two impacts to the male subject with a custom face shield resulted in peak loads of 4554 N and 5101 N with no injury. The final impact to the male subject had a peak load of 2010 N with complete orbital fracture due to the absence of a countermeasure. From these tests it is shown that facial fracture risk from night vision goggle impact can be reduced using a contoured rigid face shield.

Predicting neck injuries due to head-supported mass.

BACKGROUND: Technological advances in military equipment have resulted in more devices being mounted on the helmet to enhance the capability of the soldier. The soldier's neck must bear this head-supported mass (HSM) and the resulting dynamic characteristics of the head and neck system are changed. The purpose of this study was to vary the conditions of impact as well as the design criteria to quantify the effect of HSM on neck injury risk through computational modeling. METHODS: The TNO MADYMO detailed neck model was used for a matrix of 196 simulations designed to vary the impact conditions and HSM properties added to the model. These parameters included seven impact directions, three impact magnitudes, nine mass locations, and three mass magnitudes. The data collected from these simulations were evaluated for injury risk using the lower neck beam criterion equation. RESULTS: The results from these simulations provide detailed information regarding the risk of injury based on a particular HSM configuration and the acceleration of the body. The predominant factor in increasing risk in the lower neck is the increase in pulse magnitude. The effect of pulse magnitude is more dominant in the directions that create a flexion or lateral bending moment. CONCLUSION: HSM increases the level of injury, but the impact level that the subject is exposed to is a more dominating factor in determining injury risk.

Sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the biological, psychological and sociological factors and treatments.

Sexual assault occurs with alarming frequency in Canada. The prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in assault survivors is drastically higher than the national prevalence of the disorder, which is a strong indication that the current therapies for sexual-assault-related PTSD are in need of improvement. Increasing knowledge and understanding of the pathologies associated with rape trauma in biological, psychological and sociological domains will help to develop more effective treatments for survivors. A dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is observed in survivors of sexual assault and this may be a fundamental cause of the structural and functional abnormalities contributing to PTSD symptoms. Pharmacotherapies are available to treat PTSD; however, they are often inadequate or unwanted by the survivor. Psychological health is compromised following interpersonal trauma and many psychological therapies are available, but with varying efficacy. A person's cognitions have a dramatic effect on the onset, severity, and progress of PTSD following sexual assault. Sociological impacts of assault influence the development of PTSD through victim-blaming attitudes and the perpetuation of rape myths. Perceived positive regard and early social support is shown to be important to successful recovery. Education is vital in rape prevention and to foster a supportive environment for survivors. The biological, psychological and sociological impacts and treatments should not remain mutually exclusive. A better appreciation of the biopsychosocial repercussions of sexual assault will aid in developing a more holistic and individualized therapy to help alleviate the physical and emotional pain following the trauma of rape.